Summary

This paper assesses photovoltaic (PV) system designs and power generation potential at the Lunar South Pole. It evaluates PV layouts at representative sites, estimating solar energy potential. Results indicate maximum PV power generation of 3881 kWh/m2, with areas exceeding 3000 kWh/m2 and very short dormant times (<3 days). Elevating PV panels from 0 to 10 m expands outstanding potential areas and dormant times. PV systems with 36% efficiency could meet 200 GW demand above 87.5°S. This paper assesses photovoltaic (PV) designs and power generation potential at the Lunar South Pole (LSP). It evaluates five PV panel configurations, estimates annual power generation potential, and discusses solar irradiation levels. The study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Horizon Europe. The provided text contains a series of URLs and file names related to images and graphics, likely from an academic or technical paper. The URLs point to resources hosted on an AWS S3 bucket, with file types including JPEG (`jpg`), SVG (`svg`), and thumbnail versions (`_lrg`, `_sml`, etc.). The file names follow a pattern like `grX_lrg.jpg` or `grX_sml.jpg`, where `X` is a number,

Methods and applications