Summary

The paper describes the development of LZS-1, a lunar simulant based on Lanzarote basalt, with mineralogical, geochemical, and petrophysical characterization. It compares LZS-1 with Apollo 14 samples and other simulants like JSC-1, CAS-1, FJS-1, and MKS-1. The simulant is intended for use in lunar base construction and resource extraction. 4 Vol:.(1234567890) Scientific Reports | (2022) 12:16470 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20960-8 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Table 1. Mean and median values of particle sizes of lunar regolith at Apollo 11 17 landing sites and the regolith simulants CAS-1, JSC-1 5, and LZS-1. Sample Particle size (m) Apollo 11 (median grain size) 48 105 Apollo 12 (median grain size) 42 94 Apollo 14 (median grain size) 75 802 Apollo 15 (median grain size) 51 108 Apollo 16 (median grain size) 101 268 Apollo 17 (median grain size) 42 166 CAS-1 (median grain size) 85.9 JSC-1 < 1000 LZS-1 (A) 63 125 LZS-1 (B) < 63 Figure 4. LZS-1 Lanzarote basaltic simulant. Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope image showing the size and shape of the LZS-1 grains. 5 Vol.:(0123456789) Scientific Reports | (2022) 12:16470 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20960-8 www.n

Methods and applications