BP-1

Lunar mare soil simulant

Literature

Defining / measurement papers

Development of a novel lunar highland soil simulant (LSS-ISAC-1) and its geotechnical properties for Chandrayaan missions

I. Venugopal, T. Prabu, K. Muthukkumaran, M. Annadurai | 2020 | Planetary and Space Science

DOI 10.1016/j.pss.2020.105116

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

Geotechnical propertiesreported100%

In-situ resource utilization: ferrosilicon and SiC production from BP-1 lunar regolith simulant via carbothermal reduction

M. Samouhos, P. Tsakiridis, M. Iskander, M. Taxiarchou, K. Betsis | 2022 | Planetary and Space Science

DOI 10.1016/j.pss.2021.105414

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Methods

Carbothermal reductionThermodynamic and kinetic process Phase equilibrium analysisThermodynamic study Microstructural analysisMaterial characterization Carbothermal reduction of BP-1Material synthesis

Properties

Thermodynamic dataThermodynamic data of the BP-1 simulant reduction in vacuum; (a) Iron-containing components in equilibrium state in relation to temperature using a 50% carbon excess and (b) Phase100%X-ray diffraction patternX-ray diffraction pattern of the initial BP-1 lunar regolith simulant sample.100%Microstructural analysisScanning electron micrographs of as-received BP-1 simulant polished sections; Ti-mt: titanomagnetite, lab: labradorite, aug: augite, fo: forsterite (a, b, c) phases as detected via100%Simulant compositionLow Ti-content mare regolith100%Product compositionFerrosilicon alloy and silicon carbide100%TiO2 content>2 wt%100%Ferrosilicon composition23.78 wt% Si, 1.80 wt% Al, 0.94 wt% Ti100%material propertiessintered Black Point-1 lunar regolith simulant60%

Gas permeability of BP-1 lunar regolith simulant at sub-atmospheric pressures

D. Batcheldor, J. Mantovani, A. Atkins, B. Kemmerer, A. Langton | 2025 | Icarus

DOI 10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116703

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Methods

Regolith Gas Permeability Tester (REGAPT)permeability testing Sample compactionmaterial preparation Moisture content measurementmoisture Density measurementdensity Porosity measurementporosity REGAPTgas permeability measurement

Properties

moisture content0.04%100%density1.65 g/cm³100%porositycalculated100%moisture contentvaried100%temperature140 F100%moisture content0.07%100%moisture content0.52%100%density1.65 g cm 3100%porosityconsistent with lunar regolith100%moisture content0.87%100%

Composition-property relationships of BP-1 lunar regolith simulant geopolymers for in-situ resource utilization

T. M. Egnaczyk, W. H. H. V, N. J. Wagner | 2024 | Advances in Space Research

DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2023.11.030

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Methods

Water content variation studycompositional Compressive strength measurementmaterial property testing geopolymer formulationmaterial design geopolymer activation solutionsmaterial characterization Water content measurementproperty measurement Compressive strength measurementproperty measurement Geopolymer precursor mixture analysismaterial behavior Morphology analysis of geopolymer cubesmicrostructure Fracture behavior analysismechanical properties Fracture behavior analysismaterial property Compressive strength comparisonmaterial property Particle size distributionPhysical characterization | Benchmarking and comparison Thermogravimetric / differential thermal analysisThermal characterization | Thermal processing Laser diffraction particle sizingGranulometry | Benchmarking and comparison Helium pycnometryDensity characterization | Benchmarking and comparison

Properties

Compressive strength75 wt% BP-1100%Water contentvaried100%Compressive strength (CS)sufficient for potential use as a vertical takeoff/vertical landing (VTVL) pad100%chemical compositionTable 3 Molar ratio analysis of Black Point 1 lunar regolith simulant (M OX = Moles of oxide in each row).100%activation solutionsBP-1 geopolymers formed from the following activating solutions: 0.3Si/ (green squares), 0.4Si/ (orange circles), 0.5Si/ (purple triangles), 0.6Si/ (pink diamonds).100%Inherent water content3.68 0.01 wt%100%Stress-strain curveengineering stress strain curves for 6 samples of BP-1 geopolymer created with 70 wt% BP-1, an activating solution of nominal molar ratio 0.3Si/, and an activating solution of 60%100%viscosityflow at 55 wt%95%shrinkagepresent in cubes formed at 55 and 60 wt%95%surface filmthin, clear film on surface95%fracture behaviorcrumbling at 55 wt% to vertical brittle fracture at 75 wt%95%Compressive strength5.3 MPa100%compressive strength147.34 37.66 MPa95%Compressive strengthvaries100%Silica coordinationvaries100%Si/H2O rationominal Si/H2O ratio95%compressive strength5.3 1.1 MPa100%compressive strength9.4 MPa100%compressive strength5.3 1.12 MPa100%compressive strengthreduced under vacuum100%compressive strengthhighest at 75 wt% BP-1100%compressive strengthhighest at 75 wt% BP-1, 60 wt% H2O, 0.3Si/100%Particle size distributionmeasured by sieving or laser diffraction70%Thermal behavioranalyzed by TGA/DTA70%Particle densitymeasured by gas pycnometry70%

Using papers

A review of lunar regolith based alkali activated materials and sintered regolith for use as a construction material

F. Pederson, L. Ellersick, H.-J. Kim | 2025 | Acta Astronautica

DOI 10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.03.032

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Cohesion and shear strength of compacted lunar and Martian regolith simulants

B. Dotson, D. Valencia, C. Millwater, P. Easter, J. Long-Fox, D. Britt, P. Metzger | 2024 | Icarus

DOI 10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115943

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Determinants of lunar geopolymer synthesis based on experimental and statistical analysis: Towards lunar regolith's diversity

Z. Wu, Z. Geng, H. Pan, L. Zhang, W. She | 2024 | Construction and Building Materials

DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138557

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Effect of grain size distribution on stress-strain behavior of lunar soil simulants

M. M. Monkul, A. Dacic | 2017 | Advances in Space Research

DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2017.04.029

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Enhanced in-situ utilization of lunar simulant for fibre-reinforced high-performance concrete: Mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness for lunar applications

R. Shao, C. Wu, J. Li | 2025 | Journal of Materials Research and Technology

DOI 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.03.047

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Unifying behavior in the rapid strength formation of BP-1 lunar regolith simulant geopolymers processed via microwave curing

W. H. H. V, T. M. Egnaczyk, N. J. Wagner | 2026 | Advances in Space Research

DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2026.02.081

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Micromechanical Behavior of DNA‐1A Lunar Regolith Simulant in Comparison to Ottawa Sand

C. S. Sandeep, V. Marzulli, F. Cafaro, K. Senetakis, T. Pöschel | 2019 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

DOI 10.1029/2019jb017589

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Material aspects of sintering of EAC-1A lunar regolith simulant

J.-C. Ginés-Palomares, M. Fateri, T. Schubert, L. D. P. d’Ambelle, S. Simon, G. J. G. Gluth, J. Günster, A. Zocca | 2023 | Scientific Reports

DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-50391-y

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Thermodynamic and experimental study on carbothermal reduction of JSC-1A lunar regolith simulant for metal and metalloid production

S. Kaur, A. B. Aleksandrov, W. Ready, T. M. Orlando, P. G. Loutzenhiser | 2024 | Advances in Space Research

DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2024.01.025

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.

Additive Manufacturing of Lunar Regolith: A Review

W. Sun, F. Dang, L. Ding | 2025 | Additive Manufacturing Frontiers

DOI 10.1016/j.amf.2025.200225

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Methods

No methods extracted yet.

Properties

No properties extracted yet.