Measured facts connected to literature evidence.

the positive correlation between the strength and the (Ca+M)/Si ratio is relatively strong (r = 0.501, p < 0.01) in the range of 0.20 0.55 as shown in Fig. 9 E

LRS1 0.465 0.449 high 44 SH, 0.075 105 24 2520 28.2

The average 100Mg/(Mg+Fe2+ ) in silicates is 24.

When Al2 O3 and Metamax were added at 5 wt% of BH-1, the 28-day compressive strength was 45.9% and 78.7% higher than that of the control group.

When Al2 O3 and Metamax were added at 5 wt% of BH-1, the 28-day compressive strength was 45.9% and 78.7% higher than that of the control group.

When Metamax was added at 10 wt% of BH-1, the maximum flexural strength reached 6.0 MPa for 28 d, which was 57.9% higher than that of the control group.

Arrhenius fit to time scales of geopolymer compressive strength evolution (Eq. (5) ). Parameter Value Ea 12.2 kJ/mol A 13.5 1/days

Al and Si account for up to 98 wt% of the composition

The elemental composition of 100 feldspar phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (a). The average atomic percentages for Si, Al, Na, Ca, and K are 50.73 %, 27.48 %, 11.37 %, 9.38 %, and

EDS analysis (Fig. 5 A) shows that the Al/Si molar ratio of these platelet-formed spheres is as high as 0.65 0.11, significantly higher than the original value of 0.47 in the raw material LRS1.

LRS1 0.465 0.449 high 44 SH, 0.075 105 24 2520 28.2

X-ray fluorescence (XRF, PANalytical Axios, NL) determined that the chemical composition of HIT-L-2 includes 50.40 % SiO2 , 17.47 % Al2 O3 , 10.95 % CaO, 10.89 % Fe2 O3 , and 2.46 % MgO.

Compared with HUST-1 LRS, the SiO2 and Al2 O3 contents of AS 65 M-S-H-L decreased by approximately 5% and 1.4%, respectively, whereas the Fe2 O3 content increased by approximately 2.5%.

the GCD-2's major oxide contents closely matched those of the CE-6 regolith, with deviations of 0.95 wt% for SiO2 , 1.14 wt% for Al2 O3 , and 0.12 wt% for CaO.

Al2 O3 12.8

A comparison between XJ and the real lunar regolith samples returned by Apollo-12 revealed high similarity in chemical composition, with only 2.8 % and 0.3 % differences in SiO2 and Al2 O3 contents,

By employing moderate temperatures (80 200 C) and pressures (50 250 MPa) with minimal alkali activator (14.4 wt%)

2.2 Alkali leaching procedures of the lunar regolith simulant

Both stimulants, JSC-1 and JSC-1A, contained slightly higher amounts of alkali oxide and smaller amount of TiO2 compared to the Apollo 17 (70051) lunar soil.

More studies are needed to develop the strength at the vacuum environment and lunar temperature as well as reduce the dosage of alkali-activator before the applications on the moon can be realized.

Preparation of Al-Si master alloy by electrochemical reduction of volcanic rock in cryolite molten salt

Mullite ( Image 12 ), while not mineralogically complete, offers high purity, spherical morphology, and an alumina-silica ratio similar to that of highland regolith.

X-ray photoelectron studies have shown that iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) hydroxides have constituted concentrations up to 4.2% and 12%, respectively, in a wide range of basalts (White and Hochella 1992

The strong presence of crystalline SiC and low quantities of crystalline Si and Fe were confirmed to be formed upon reduction via TGA with a thin amorphous oxide layer forming around the crystals

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

The test group TA30min-1225 C has an amorphous phase composition of 44.9 % and a 28-day compressive strength of 18 MPa.

In HIT-L-2, plagioclase constitutes the highest proportion (51.3 % 1.3 %), followed by pyroxene (25.1 % 0.8 %), olivine (14 % 0.5 %), and amorphous phase (8.7 % 0.5 %).

The mineral composition of the actual lunar soil collected during Apollo 17 is reported as: plagioclase (50 %), pyroxene (21.7 %), olivine (13 %), and amorphous phase (13.7 %).

The amorphous-phase content of HIT-L-1 used in this study was 32.2 %, which was considerably lower than that of traditional alkali-activated materials such as slag and fly ash.

During the initial 10 min, the O2 concentration of the collected gas around Fe Ni alloy anode was 94.21 %, while the anode current efficiency was 56.98 %.

The purity of the anode gas O2 was 95.41 %

The samples predominantly consist of anorthite, which comprises 87.4 89.9 wt% of the samples.

Table A.1 Mineral composition of various types of simulants. Minerals MGS Minerals LHS LMS LSP LHS-2E Plagioclase 27.1% Anorthosite 74.4% 19.8% 90% 75% Glass-rich basalt 22.9% Glass-rich basalt 24.7%

Mineralogy | 10.1016/j.asr.2023.02.034

The lunar maria samples consistently showed the strongest antioxidant profile, marked by elevated phenolic acids (such as neochlorogenic, ferulic, p-coumaric), chlorophyll a , and carotenoids.

An autocatalytic reaction model (Eqs. (1) and (2) ) describes a process in which a reactant is converted to a product, and the reaction product further catalyzes the transformation of the reactant to

The average oxide MP for each sample is also shown on Fig. 6 (left); both scales span 100 C to allow for comparison

andey U.B., Nichols C.D. Human disease models in drosophila melanogaster and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery. Pharmacol. Rev. 2011 Jun;63(2):411 36.

we present data on fungal bioleaching culture profiling parameters (pH, total iron and organic acid levels)

Table 1 Comparison of bulk chemistry between a sample of Apollo 11 in mare region, LMS-1 and BPY-N simulants.

Bulk composition of regolith fines on lunar crater floors: initial investigation by LRO/Mini-RF

SLR contains a higher proportion of MgO (14.9 % in SLR compared to 4 11 % in LR) and a lower proportion of CaO (at 8.3 % and 10 17 % for SLR and LR, respectively), suggesting that Mg may be more

Their total contents are 0.8 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively

The elemental composition of 100 feldspar phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (a). The average atomic percentages for Si, Al, Na, Ca, and K are 50.73 %, 27.48 %, 11.37 %, 9.38 %, and

The elemental composition of 100 pyroxene phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (b) . The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, Fe, and Ca are 49.76 %, 21.64 %, 12.25 %, and 16.35 %,

Ca Al ratio optimization as pivotal for developing extraterrestrial LRG harmonizing strength and environmental resilience.

The GCD-2 with Al/Si= 0.34 and Ca/Si= 0.26 served as the baseline group (BG).

Increasing the Ca/Si ratio in the precursor significantly enhanced the dynamic compressive strength of the LRG.

SLR contains a higher proportion of MgO (14.9 % in SLR compared to 4 11 % in LR) and a lower proportion of CaO (at 8.3 % and 10 17 % for SLR and LR, respectively), suggesting that Mg may be more

it can be observed that the CaO content of the TJ-1 simulated lunar soil is slightly smaller than that of Apollo 14 and TBG-1.

the GCD-2's major oxide contents closely matched those of the CE-6 regolith, with deviations of 0.95 wt% for SiO2 , 1.14 wt% for Al2 O3 , and 0.12 wt% for CaO.

The carbon content of untreated JSC-1A was around 0.025 wt%

The EAC-1 sample has some additional spectral information at the region of ~1,450 and ~1,600 cm -1 , which is not seen on the other samples. These two regions correspond to the presence of carbonate

an Al-Si-Fe-Ti alloy containing 12.13 wt% Si, 3.00 wt% Fe and 0.17 wt% Ti was obtained at the cathode

The cathode current efficiency was 40.79 %.

Although molten salt electrolysis of lunar regolith simulant can achieve simultaneously production of metals and oxygen, the composition of molten salts gradually becomes complex, inevitably affecting

The slurry with a solid loading of 40 wt%, and clay ratio of 25 wt%, CE 64 of 1 wt%, and the pH of water at 6.2 was suitable for spray drying as its viscosity is medium and has a thixotropic behavior.

the cell voltage progressively stabilized at about 4.5 V.

In the low-Ca system, the shortage of highly polarising Ca2+ ions lowered charge-compensation efficiency, slowed geopolymerization, and restricted gel network densification [78] .

X-ray diffraction analysis of the simulants was performed using a Phillips diffractometer (CuK X-ray tube). Chemical analysis included pH (McLean 1982) , electrical conductivity (Rhoades 1982) ,

These cementitious gels strengthened both chemical bonding and physical interlocking between the unreacted precursor particles.

2 Electrolysis investigation of Fe2 O3 reduction 4.3 Effect of different iron oxides in JSC-1A 4.4 Characterization 4.4.1 XRD 4.4.2 SEM and EDS 4.4.3 XRF 4.5 Reduction rate and yield 5 Conclusions ...

The 27 Al spectra shown in Fig. 15 show a consistent peak at 60 ppm for all samples, representing four- coordinated aluminum (Engelhardt and Michel, 1987).

the oxidation state of iron lunar iron tends to be in an ionized metallic state, whereas the simulant and Earth soils tend to contain iron oxides that are easier for plants to access.

The 27 Al MAS-NMR spectrum of Group 3 with relatively low strength has formants for both tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al, located at around 60 ppm and 13 ppm, respectively.

Chemical reactivity of lunar dust

Kapton HN has been used on missions to the International Space Station and Mars due to its excellent chemical, thermal and radiation resistance, mechanical stability, and great electrical insulating

Fig. 13 Na/Si against Al/Si scatter plot for reaction products in the AALRS specimens activated by SH and SS under (a) H, (b) V and (c) HV curing conditions.

This study comprehensively investigates different combinations between diverse lunar regolith simulants and activators at various curing temperatures, and their effects are revealed by the mechanical

CLDS-i developed by the Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences has high similarity to the real lunar dust in chemistry, mineralogy, particle size, morphology, and np-Fe0

The slurry with a solid loading of 40 wt%, and clay ratio of 25 wt%, CE 64 of 1 wt%, and the pH of water at 6.2 was suitable for spray drying as its viscosity is medium and has a thixotropic behavior.

SiO2 represents 42.8 wt% of the BPY-N sample, where Si represents 21.5 mol% of BPY-N.

Bulk compositions of several lunar soil simulants. Notice the disparity between the lunar composition and those of the simulants

This study comprehensively investigates different combinations between diverse lunar regolith simulants and activators at various curing temperatures, and their effects are revealed by the mechanical

Prolonged electrolysis drives the system toward Al-rich phases, demonstrating the composition-tunable nature of the cathode product.

the corresponding concentration of SS activator is 4.92 mol/L.

Experimental tests of pure Ilmenite reduction with Li in a chamber furnace indicated a high conversion yield to Fe0 and Ti0

The interface between the crystal and the glass phases slows or even inhibits crack expansion.

A critical ice content of 1% to 3%, wherein a significant increase in penetration resistance occurs, is identified as being fundamentally influenced by the filling of substantial pore space with grout

The strong presence of crystalline SiC and low quantities of crystalline Si and Fe were confirmed to be formed upon reduction via TGA with a thin amorphous oxide layer forming around the crystals

To investigate the material decomposition and crystalline structural transformations of the lunar regolith simulants CUG-B, thermogravimetric and mass spectrometric analyses were

evolution, microstructure, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics revealed a diffusion-controlled ...

The curing temperature is the most significant factor that influences the compressive strength.

After an initial high current density period, the current densities stabilize within a constant range.

potentially attribute decomposition reactions

The decomposition voltage for metal oxide in the JSC-1A (straight lines are the lowest voltage, and dash lines are the lowest voltage with an extra 0.3 V as overpotential).

Methods for Laboratory Determination of Strength and Deformability Characteristics

From this lunar simulant, metallic deposits of Si Mo and Si Fe were obtained on Mo and Fe electrodes, respectively. Several compounds such as titanium carbides and Si Al alloys were obtained on C

Significant differences in dissolution activation energies were observed between Si and Al elements (E a Si =86.75 95.97 kJ/mol E a Al =64.44 74.07 kJ/mol), resulting in the Si/Al molar ratio in leach

3.3 Dissolution characteristics of mineral components

Upon subjecting the samples to heat treatment at 1300 C for 60 min, the dissolution efficiency of Si and Al amplified from 7.92 % to 33.71 % and from 3.14 % to 14.9 %, respectively.

Upon subjecting the samples to heat treatment at 1300 C for 60 min, the dissolution efficiency of Si and Al amplified from 7.92 % to 33.71 % and from 3.14 % to 14.9 %, respectively.

The dissolved fraction of EAC-1 was determined by the weight difference between the original amount of EAC-1 and dried filtrate.

Phosphorous oxide was found to be the most soluble compound with 82.0 3.1% of the total amount in solution, followed by MgO, Na2 O, K2 O, Al2 O3 , iron oxides, TiO2 and CaO in decreasing order as

the concentrations of SiO2 , Fe2 O3 , TiO2 , Na2 O, CaO, and MgO in the molten salt were 6.09 %, 0.25 %, 0.17 %, 0.85 %, 0.43 % and 0.28 %, respectively, and their dissolution percentages were 87.2 %,

Based on the above analysis, to further investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of each sample under varying strain rates, the Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF), which was defined as the ratio of

Based on the above analysis, to further investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of each sample under varying strain rates, the Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF), which was defined as the ratio of

Arrhenius fit to time scales of geopolymer compressive strength evolution (Eq. (5) ). Parameter Value Ea 12.2 kJ/mol A 13.5 1/days

The elastic moduli of pyroxene and olivine are in the ranges of 115 138 GPa and about 160 GPa, respectively [56 ].

The electrical resistance of the melts at 1673 K was found to be 43 for the FJS-1 melt, while the mixed melt was found to be 5 .

The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO2 , Al2 O3 , Fe2 O3 , and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductiv

A cyclic voltammogram of a Fe electrode in the mixed melt of FJS-1 and CaF2 (80:20 wt%) at 1673 K

Preparation of Al-Si master alloy by electrochemical reduction of fly ash in molten salt

The electrochemical reduction behavior of metal ions contained in lunar regolith was investigated by electrochemical measurements in the mixed melt at 1673 K.

The electrochemical system of natural BPY-N was characterized experimentally and compared with the individual oxides, allowing to identify some of the reactions in the BPY-N complex signal.

In the experiment, a Ti wire with an area of 0.17 cm2 was used as the electrode, so the values normalized by electrode area were 7.3 cm2 for the system FJS-1 melt and 0.85 cm2 for the mixed melt.

The potentials for forming Si and Al, particularly abundant in lunar regolith, were 0.611 and 0.271 V, respectively.

The vertical axis of Fig. 6 shows the electrode potential when the equilibrium reaction between Ca(II) ions and metallic Ca, with an activity of 1, was defined as 0 V.

In addition, the Fe formation potential changed depending on whether the reactant was FeO (1.33 V) or Fe2 O3 (1.51 V).

In addition, the Fe formation potential changed depending on whether the reactant was FeO (1.33 V) or Fe2 O3 (1.51 V).

The potentials for forming Si and Al, particularly abundant in lunar regolith, were 0.611 and 0.271 V, respectively.

The electrochemical reduction was conducted at a constant voltage of 1.5 V for 5 h.

Molten oxide electrolysis for lunar oxygen generation using in situ resources

XRF analysis results of the products from solid lunar regolith electrolysis in 66.5LiCl-28.5KCl-5Li2 O molten salt at 600 C (different electrolysis durations).

During the period from 0 to 15 min, the voltage of the electrolytic cell increased rapidly.

Based on element information from EDS mappings, a more reliable method called single particle analysis was performed to support the above phase identification and characterize the elemental

In terms of an elemental composition, lunar regolith is composed of 43 % oxygen, 21 % silicon, 13 % iron, and other elements [ 7 ]

there was not a definite trend for these elemental compositions as measured in the pore walls

oxygen, sodium, and iron decreased while the wt% of calcium and aluminum increased in the solid material

The compositions of the pore solutions undergo the most pronounced changes within the first few hours, up to three days.

For the [Si], [Al], [Ca], [Na], and [OH ], the modelled elemental concentrations are consistent with the experimental results in terms of the changing trends over time, validating the accuracy of the

The contents of Na and Mg are greater than those in the SLR

The Si and Ti peaks after TGA showed significant shifting compared to the JSC-1A peak locations, indicative of reactions occurring with Si- and Ti- compounds in the sample during the experiment.

Exhaled markers of pulmonary disease

the extraction yield (EY), and current efficiency were 83.47 % and 79.65 %, respectively.

The elemental composition of 100 olivine phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (c). The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, and Fe are 34.57 %, 33.98 %, and 31.45 %, respectively.

The elemental composition of 100 pyroxene phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (b) . The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, Fe, and Ca are 49.76 %, 21.64 %, 12.25 %, and 16.35 %,

ductivity (0.99 1.045), and dielectric loss tangent angles (0.0025 0.030) of NEU Mars-1 were all stable in the frequency range of 2 18 GHz. Mossbauer spectroscopy results showed that the mass ratio...

X-ray fluorescence (XRF, PANalytical Axios, NL) determined that the chemical composition of HIT-L-2 includes 50.40 % SiO2 , 17.47 % Al2 O3 , 10.95 % CaO, 10.89 % Fe2 O3 , and 2.46 % MgO.

Compared with HUST-1 LRS, the SiO2 and Al2 O3 contents of AS 65 M-S-H-L decreased by approximately 5% and 1.4%, respectively, whereas the Fe2 O3 content increased by approximately 2.5%.

The isomer shift (IS or ) and quadrupole splitting (QS or EQ ) values indicate presence of Fe2+ in the two crystallographically different sites

Table 1 Chemical component of Apollo 14 lunar soil, CAS-1, and HUST-1 LRS (%). Oxides SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO Na2 O K2 O TiO2 P2 O5 Apollo 14 48.10 17.40

The quanti fi cation of the silicates is accurate as shown by the good correlation of alumina and silica. Fe 2 O 3 show a good correlation for the Lumina samples while there is a mismatch for the EAC-

Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis showed complete conversions of Fe2 O3 to Fe or Fe(g) and up to 90 % conversion of SiO2 to Si or Si(g) at lunar surface pressure and relatively low temperatures

The untreated sample also contains a broad hyperfine sextet with IS value of 0.5(4) mm/s and hyperfine magnetic field (B hf ) of 427.6 kOe

FeO 16.2

Measurement of ferric iron in Chang e-5 impact glass beads

The curve fitted by NLLSF aligned well with the original data, yielding a ferric/ferrous atomic ratio of approximately 0.41:0.59.

Ferrosilicon alloy Fe Si (Ti Al) with 23.78 wt% Si, 1.80 wt% Al, and 0.94 wt% Ti contents by weight was successfully produced via the simple carbothermal reduction of the Black Point (BP-1) lunar sim

The different processing methods give rise to final products with different compositions.

Structure and Formation Mechanism of Lunar Regolith

It is found that the excitation process of the lunar regolith simulant could produce N-A-S-H gels, which effectively connected the lunar regolith particles and significantly improved the strength and

Fracture behavior differed greatly for geopolymers within a given composition series, changing from a crum- bling response as shown in Fig. 7A2 at 55 wt% BP-1 to a vertical brittle fracture at 75 wt%

These changes may be associated with the formation of free radicals and a change in chemical reactivity.

The 0.4Si/ activator composition yields geopolymers with anomalously low CS.

the initial glass content in 10084 to be significantly higher than 50601 and similarly found 60501 to be much higher compared to 67461

JSC-1A lunar soil simulant: Characterization, glass formation, and selected glass properties

Viscosity and glass formation behavior of lunar regolith simulants

product obtained at 1200 C for 20 min (Fig. 4 (b)) is believed to be reasonable; because it has a moderate amount of glass phase

These thin glass rinds on each dust particle are easily chipped off and become additions to the finest grain size, only to undergo additional melting with the ripening of the np-Fe0 .

The Tg and Tc for NEU Mars-1 were 547.8 and 795.7 C, respectively, and T c occurred at 1125.9 C.

The simulant was heated from room temperature to 1300 C at a rate of 15 C/min.

Based on the data obtained from the DSC thermogram, the Trg value for the BSB LRS glass system was determined to be 0.50.

Glasses were prepared by melting the simulant at 1450 C in platinum crucibles in air for about 2 hours.

The simulant easily forms glass when melted and cooled at nominal rates between 50 and 55 C/min.

Mineralogy | 10.1016/j.asr.2023.02.034

Mineralogy | 10.1016/j.asr.2023.02.034

Glass-rich composite particles that are highly irregular and in agglomerate form

LRS1 0.465 0.449 high 44 SH, 0.075 105 24 2520 28.2

The resulting powder can be considered fully crystalline with virtually no glassy phases on its composition.

The central goal of the in situ measurements is to gain sufficient understanding of the environment on the Moon, and of the physico-chemical features and surface reactivity of lunar dust, so that the

Table 4 Mass of H2 O released from each sample during the experiment.

The amount of 4 He released varied greatly among the heated samples, ranging from 0.2 ppb to 43 ppb.

This shows that the SWIM implanted samples display a similar 4 He release pattern compared to the He release pattern out of an Apollo 11 regolith sample.

Table 3 illustrates the EDS results for the Ca/Si and Al/Si ratios of hydration products.

Production of hydrogen peroxide in Martian and lunar soils

Direct measurement of hydroxyl in the lunar regolith and the origin of lunar surface water.

Direct measurement of hydroxyl in the lunar regolith and the origin of lunar surface water

Direct measurement of hydroxyl in the lunar regolith and the origin of lunar surface water

Analysis of the three Apollo 14 lunar dust preparations revealed that the material prepared by grinding in a zirconium oxide ball mill exhibited 7-fold greater ability to generate hydroxyl radicals on

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

The bulk analysis shows that the maximum amount of ilmenite that could be present in the simulant is 0.7 wt % calculated stoichiometrically.

XRF measurement further confirmed that the produced metal consisted of over 90 wt% of iron with nearly non-existed Si and Al, indicating great selectivity of the reduction.

In situ measurement of the chemical reactivity of lunar dust, as it actually exists on the surface of the Moon, is likely the only way of assessing the net effects of multiple processes that may

Fig. 4 (a) SEM images of the fracture surfaces of 1000 C sintered NS5 specimens after infiltration using 30 wt% sodium silicate solution.

Inherent water content of the BP-1 simulant is 3.68 0.01 wt%, determined via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Flow behavior is also influenced by the chemical composition of the particles (leading, for example, to different Van der Waals forces), which in turn determines the frictional properties and particle

The free movement of ions is bound by electrostatic interactions. Therefore, the ions exhibit lower activity than expected at the specified concentration, and the relationship between the two can be

In contrast, the pH remained at 7.5 in full medium cultures with EAC-1 A regolith (PDB REG + and PDB REG++) where

XRF measurement further confirmed that the produced metal consisted of over 90 wt% of iron with nearly non-existed Si and Al, indicating great selectivity of the reduction.

the percentage of Fe in JSC-1A (cFe ), which used the number directly provided by NASA on their reports of composition of JSC-1A (8.12 wt%).

The highest metallic iron extraction yield (83.47 %) was also achieved at this condition.

X-ray photoelectron studies have shown that iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) hydroxides have constituted concentrations up to 4.2% and 12%, respectively, in a wide range of basalts (White and Hochella 1992

Mossbauer spectroscopy results also revealed the presence of iron ions in the 2+ state at around the 76% level (and the rest corresponding to the 3+ state).

The reduction of Fe(III) in Fe2 O3 to metallic iron proceeded through multiple steps: Fe(III)/Fe2 O3 Fe(II,III)/Fe3 O4 Fe(II)/FeO Fe.

The author measured the iron-redox state (i.e., Fe2+ / Fe) of their bulk samples to estimate the oxygen fugacity using so-called MELTS algorithm [73 ].

Nitrogen and argon isotopes in oceanic basalts

Trace amounts of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are still detectable in the intermediate layer

The elemental composition of 100 feldspar phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (a). The average atomic percentages for Si, Al, Na, Ca, and K are 50.73 %, 27.48 %, 11.37 %, 9.38 %, and

Table 1 Chemical component of Apollo 14 lunar soil, CAS-1, and HUST-1 LRS (%). Oxides SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO Na2 O K2 O TiO2 P2 O5 Apollo 14 48.10 17.40

The Na2 O and K2 O contents are 3.8% and 3.3%, respectively.

Dissolution of EAC-1 in the ionic liquid

When aligning the spectra on the NaI peaks, EAC-1A shows an increase in KI intensity of 7 % compared to JSC-2A despite EAC-1A having a K 2 O content almost twice as that of JSC-2A.

plants grown in actual lunar regolith had more stunted root systems, slower growth, and less extensive leaf canopies and also exhibited stress responses like deeper green or purple leaf pigmentation.

LOI** (Loss on Ignition) - Values obtained from LOI tests.

Compositional mapping and the evolutionary history of mare tranquillitatis.

Initial steps to realize PBF-LB with lunar regolith

PROCESSINGLUNARBASALTMATERIALSRESOURCESNEAREARTHSPACE

Part A. A petrographic and chemical description of samples from the lunar highlands

Initial steps to realize PBF-LB with lunar regolith

Geotechnical properties of NU-LHT-2M lunar highland simulant

The untreated sample also contains a broad hyperfine sextet with IS value of 0.5(4) mm/s and hyperfine magnetic field (B hf ) of 427.6 kOe

Table 2 Components Concentrations wt.% As received material Magnetic separation (1st step) Magnetic separation (2nd step) Labradorite 60.40 58.70 56.80 Augite 20.20 20.00 19.80 Titanomagnetite 10.10 1

FIGURE 12 Major element compositions (based on the XRF measurements) of the Lumina, EAC-1 and lunar samples (Apollo 15, 16, Luna-20 and Surveyor 7).

Table 1 Comparison of major element content in natural lunar soil sampled by Apollo 14 in simulated lunar soil.

We provide data on particle size distribution, particle shape, abrasivity, density, water content, major and trace element geochemistry and modal mineralogy.

Table 1 Major oxides of the original ilmenite and NU-LHT-2M sample material based on data provided by the suppliers (SD = standard deviation). Respective oxides in Apollo 16 soil are also shown for

EAC-1A exhibits the highest mass loss of any sample (1.785 wt% total), with a prominent trimodal pattern peaking around 300, 550, and 750 C (Fig. 3 ).

Notably, with an increasing amount of tungsten (solid), the shape distortion was reduced in both microgravity and at terrestrial gravity but with less effect under microgravity.

Understanding these composition performance relationships is critical for offering essential guidance for performance-based, on-demand material design and optimisation

Table 2 Maximum current and current slope for different samples

Zhou [7 ] studied the effects of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the geopolymer samples.

The macrophage reactivity assay used for these studies was the same as the assay used in studies of quartz that showed increased biological responses for freshly ground material versus aged (Porter et

The unique presence of Si is explained by its high concentration in BPY-N.

Extraction of Aluminum from Lunar Regolith through Molten Salt Electrolysis

We demonstrate P. simplicissimum s ability to mobilize non-rare metallic elements from EAC-1 A regolith into the medium solution (leachate).

Table 1 Metal oxide abundance in JSC-1A and their theoretical decomposition voltage

And we report the successful metal recovery from the leachate solution to a promising average of 10 3 g/L of metal oxide powder.

SLR contains a higher proportion of MgO (14.9 % in SLR compared to 4 11 % in LR) and a lower proportion of CaO (at 8.3 % and 10 17 % for SLR and LR, respectively), suggesting that Mg may be more

Their total contents are 0.8 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively

The elemental composition of 100 olivine phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (c). The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, and Fe are 34.57 %, 33.98 %, and 31.45 %, respectively.

The elemental composition of 100 pyroxene phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (b) . The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, Fe, and Ca are 49.76 %, 21.64 %, 12.25 %, and 16.35 %,

MgO 9.20

The MgO content of HIT-L-1 is 4.03 % less than that of the CE-5 regolith, whereas the CaO content of HIT-L-1 is 6.10 % higher than that of the CE-5 regolith.

Micromorphology and composition characteristics of CSP geopolymer

Microstructure, thermophysical, and mechanical properties of bulk glass prepared from molten lunar regolith simulant Adv. Space Res. 69 2022 3130 3139

the silicate mineral composition of SARS-H, L, and LL primarily consists of olivine and pyroxene, whilst the metallic composition is chiefly comprised of Fe, Ni, and FeS2 .

Peaks labeled with PLG, PX, and OLV have been attributed to plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine mineral groups, respectively.

In this sense, a new lunar simulant, LZS-1, has been developed in Spain. Its mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and petrophysical properties are described in this paper.

Its mineralogical components are mainly the silicate minerals Plaglioclase (Na,Ca)(Si,Al) 4 O 8 , Pyroxene (Ca,Mg,Fe)(Mg,Fe)Si 2 O 6 , Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO4 , as well as Ilmenite (Fe,Ti) 2 O 3 ,

X-Ray Diffraction (X Pert3 Powder, NL, USA) was conducted. The range was set at 5 80 (2 ) and the scanning rate was 2 /min.

The presence of major phases, olivine [(Mg, Fe)2 SiO4 ] and pyroxene [(Ca, Mg, Fe) (Si, Al)2 O6 ], and also the minor phase ilmenite [FeTiO3 ] is observed in the XRD of JSC-1A.

A decomposition 4.2 Electrolysis investigation of Fe2 O3 reduction 4.3 Effect of different iron oxides in JSC-1A 4.4 Characterization 4.4.1 XRD 4.4.2 SEM and EDS 4.4.3 XRF 4.5 Reduction rate and yi...

SMR and SLR are a mixture of oxides of varying particle size, predominantly SiO2 , with Al O , MgO, and FeO also present in smaller concentrations [49 51 ], with their relative concentrations summar

We provide data on particle size distribution, particle shape, abrasivity, density, water content, major and trace element geochemistry and modal mineralogy.

The 0.4Si/ activating solution, existing at an equivalent SiO 2 /Na 2 O ratio of 1.3, may not have enough monomeric silica to induce rapid dis- solution while also containing less highly coordinated

The mullite phase has high-temperature stability, low thermal expansion, chemical inertness, electrical insulation, mechanical strength, and low thermal conductivity make it a valuable material in

The most signi fi cant diversity is represented in the Na 2 O compositions, where all the lunar samples show low values, whereas the Lumina samples have Na 2 O compositions of 2-2.5 wt%.

Trace amounts of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are still detectable in the intermediate layer

The elemental composition of 100 feldspar phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (a). The average atomic percentages for Si, Al, Na, Ca, and K are 50.73 %, 27.48 %, 11.37 %, 9.38 %, and

The impact of thermal activation on the chemical makeup of reaction products was examined through quantitative EDS analysis of the geopolymer specimens.

Sodium metasilicate is not relevant to Mars, but this small amount is not expected to significantly affect the bulk properties of the simulant. It contributes 0.37 wt% excess SiO2 , 0.38 wt% excess Na

All simulants contain a similar amount of the oxide Na 2 O.

Taylor, 2002 Taylor, L.A., 2002. Origin of nanophase Fe0 in agglutinates: A radical new concept. New Views of the Moon Workshop, Taos, NM.

Abundance and distribution of iron on the moon

extreme heating causes the melt to effectively boil, freeing up SiO2 and FeO, which subsequently dissociate to form the vapor that condenses as the silica-rich rinds and np-Fe

olysis of JSC-1A in molten CaCl2 at 900 C with a variety of voltages between 1.0 and 1.75 V, allowing effective and selective extraction of metallic iron without contamination from the reduction of...

A key observation, which may be important for lunar dust toxicity, is the presence of nanophase iron [np-Fe] in glassy rims of dust particles.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was provided by Xinjiang Zhongtai Chemical Co., Ltd., in solid flake form with a purity of 99 %.

NU-LHT-4M having a concentration of 26.2 ppm.

The results show that thermal activation enhances precursor reactivity by increasing the non-bridging oxygen (NBO) content, reducing polymerization, and altering the binding energies of Si, Al, and O.

The normative mineral composition of the developed lunar regolith analogue does not differ substantially from the normative composition of lunar regolith derived from data obtained during the Luna,

CLDS-i with np-Fe0 grains is close to lunar dust

-drying was investigated. Smectite clay as a binder was mixed with MGS-1 to prepare colloids. By adjusting the clay amount, dispersant, and pH value, these slurries with suitable viscosity were obt...

Smith and Zwart, 2008 Smith S.M., Zwart S.R. Chapter 3 nutritional biochemistry of spaceflight. In 2008. p. 87 130.

In the inner core region, the oxygen (O) mass fraction reaches 50.1 wt%

the electrochemical equivalent of O2 can be calculated to be 0.2984 g/(A h), indicating that the theoretical O2 production rate by electrolysis at current of 12.56 A is 3.75 g/h.

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

In HIT-L-2, plagioclase constitutes the highest proportion (51.3 % 1.3 %), followed by pyroxene (25.1 % 0.8 %), olivine (14 % 0.5 %), and amorphous phase (8.7 % 0.5 %).

The mineral composition of the actual lunar soil collected during Apollo 17 is reported as: plagioclase (50 %), pyroxene (21.7 %), olivine (13 %), and amorphous phase (13.7 %).

Transparent moonglasses that allow depositing high-quality perovskites.

Citric acid levels suggesting an initial peak between day 3 and day 4, and the maximum value recorded for the cultures of PDB with 30% EAC-1 A (REG+) ( sd = 0)

simulated regolith showed narrower ranges: plagioclase 81 95%, pyroxene 1 9%, and other minerals 1 5%

JSC-1A at elevated temperatures distinct gas evolutions of water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide occur in both inert gas and vacuum.

The isomer shift (IS or ) and quadrupole splitting (QS or EQ ) values indicate presence of Fe2+ in the two crystallographically different sites

The grade index method benefits by reflecting the variation in oxide composition of lunar while, which usually has a large variation depending on the geographic location on the Moon.

Fig. 1 Morphology, particle size and main chemical composition of HUST-2 lunar regolith simulant: (a) SEM image; (b) Particle size; (c) Oxides fraction.

By weight, lunar regolith contains up to 45 wt% of oxygen, which is primarily bound in silicon, iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium oxides.

Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride.

The production of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith

The estimated oxygen fugacity in their KREEP samples was 10.2 0.4 log units beyond the Iron Wustite buffer.

Table 1 Chemical component of Apollo 14 lunar soil, CAS-1, and HUST-1 LRS (%). Oxides SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO Na2 O K2 O TiO2 P2 O5 Apollo 14 48.10 17.40

The cathodic peak current density I p red increased 4.6-fold from 0.367 mA cm 2 in the EAC-1 solution to 1.70 mA cm 2 in the spiked solution.

The pH-value of the aqueous ionic liquid mixture was measured in the 250 ml round bottom flask before and after the 24 h heating period, during which most of the EAC-1 dissolution occurred.

The MP kit showed more effectiveness in Mancos Shale samples, which are from the Cretaceous period, with pH 7.5 8.4 [ 45 ].

3.2 Phase analysis

3.2 Phase assemblage and chemical composition of AALRS-XJ gel matrix

The XRD pattern of the JSC-1A electrolysis product also shows the same phase as Fe2 O3 and FeO crystalline products that could be considered as the main pure metallic iron product.

iron titanium oxide particles fragmented into small particles at 1050 C and were further transformed into augite (filiform shaped) and schorlomite at 1100 C

The Raven and Hossner (1993) method was utilized for the MBLS P desorption studies.

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

plagioclase in lunar regolith is known to have a higher calcium composition compared to plagioclase in many lunar simulants, including the NU-LHT series of simulants [17 ].

simulated regolith showed narrower ranges: plagioclase 81 95%, pyroxene 1 9%, and other minerals 1 5%

The mineral composition of the actual lunar soil collected during Apollo 17 is reported as: plagioclase (50 %), pyroxene (21.7 %), olivine (13 %), and amorphous phase (13.7 %).

the intensity-ratio of the emission bands of the first negative system to the second positive system can be used to determine the electron temperature and density due to considerable differences in

When nitrogen plasma comes in contact with water, there is a series of chemical reactions that take place at the interface that result in the changes in water chemistry.

Although here we used virgin packaging grade LDPE rather than the actual packaging waste

Thermal activation notably changes the polymerization degree of the precursor material, resulting in a Q1 proportion increases from 8.63 % to 40.52 %.

olith-grown plants particularly those from the lunar maria simulant showed enhanced polyphenol and carotenoid levels.

The forming of pores was related to the partially molten granules, volatiles generated by decomposable components, and high viscosity glassy molten phases.

The results indicate that the modulus and dosage of the alkali activator can substantially change the relative content of reactive elements in the pore solution and affect the product type and content

Distribution of the components porosity coefficient (e ) in a loose and compact state depending on the load (n ): a - ash samples A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4; b - samples of slag S-1, S-2, S-3 and quartz sand

Pozzolanic activity enhancement of magnesium-rich nickel slag

these white precipitates are formed by the precipitation of minerals containing Na and Mg in SLR

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Fig. 1 (c)) revealed the mineral composition of HIT-L-1. As shown, the primary mineral composition of HIT-L-1 includes labradorite (PDF 83 1368), anorthite (PDF 83 19

A study of carbothermal reductive smelting of the BP-1 lunar simulant, aiming to the in-situ production of ferrosilicon and silicon carbide is reported in the present study.

Study on separation and purification of titanium alloys (TC4-6Al-4V) by molten salt electrolysis

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

simulated regolith showed narrower ranges: plagioclase 81 95%, pyroxene 1 9%, and other minerals 1 5%

The mineral composition of the actual lunar soil collected during Apollo 17 is reported as: plagioclase (50 %), pyroxene (21.7 %), olivine (13 %), and amorphous phase (13.7 %).

Mineralogy | 10.1016/j.asr.2023.02.034

The proportion of Q4 (0Al) decreases from 14.3 % to 3.9 %, and the proportion of chain structure significantly increases at ambient temperature.

Cure Cycle Q4 (1-2Al) (%) Q4 (3-4Al) (%) Q4 (2Al) / Q4 (4Al) Amb 38 49 0.607

Cure Cycle Q4 (1-2Al) (%) Q4 (3-4Al) (%) Q4 (2Al) / Q4 (4Al) Amb 38 49 0.607

Cure Cycle Q4 (1-2Al) (%) Q4 (3-4Al) (%) Q4 (2Al) / Q4 (4Al) Amb 38 49 0.607

The proportion of Q4 (4Al) and Q4 (3Al) accounts for 43.7 % of the SHP-HH, indicating the Al-rich N-A-S-H gel is dominant.

A greater amount of Q4 in LRS-XJ than in AALRS-XJ is observed, indicating the dissolution and reorganization of Si and Al species in the original LRS-XJ under alkali activation.

HIT-L-2 predominantly comprises 51.3 wt% plagioclase, 25.1 wt% pyroxene, 14.0 wt% olivine, 0.5 wt% ilmenite, 0.3 wt% quartz, and 8.7 % amorphous phase.

Quartz is a minor component, found in Lumina90 and Lumina250 at concentrations of 3.1 wt% and 5.3 wt%, respectively, and in Lumina2000 at 1.0 wt%.

Iron-induced hydroxyl radical generation from basaltic volcanic ash

In Fig. 2(b) (d), and (f) peaks labeled with PLG, PX, and OLV are attributed to plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine mineral groups, respectively.

LF NMR analysis coupled with thermogravimetric measurements confirms the progressive conversion of capillary water into gel-bound nanopore water

The study revealed that the amorphous phase in HIT-L-2 exhibits the highest reactivity, while crystalline phase dissolution requires a temperature threshold, with reactivity following the order: oliv

In this study three Lorentzian doublets have been used to fit each M ssbauer spectrum and each doublet has been assigned to the iron redox ion, Fe2+ and Fe3+ , see Fig. 3 .

The reducibility of various lunar s

Experimental tests of pure Ilmenite reduction with Li in a chamber furnace indicated a high conversion yield to Fe0 and Ti0

In a related study using JSC-2A simulant under similar conditions, electrolysis yielded complex alloys including Al/Fe, Al/Fe/Si, and Ca/Al/Si phases.

The lunar surface consists of two major types of rock: anorthositic bedrock which refers to highland areas (i.e. terrae) and basalt which corresponds to lowland areas (i.e. maria).

p to 30 wt% regolith

The successful 3D printing of both benchmark geometries and NASA-relevant tools using the composite filament containing up to 30 wt% regolith demonstrates that the developed material is printable and

The addition of up to 20 wt% regolith did not significantly affect the tensile strength compared to pure LDPE.

Regolith maturity appeared to lower the sintering temperature relative to what would be predicted by composition alone.

The saturation index (SI ) indicates the degree of over- or undersaturation. The stability of the generated product can be determined based on the composition of the pore solution, with the SI being

Al and Si account for up to 98 wt% of the composition

The elemental composition of 100 feldspar phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (a). The average atomic percentages for Si, Al, Na, Ca, and K are 50.73 %, 27.48 %, 11.37 %, 9.38 %, and

The elemental composition of 100 olivine phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (c). The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, and Fe are 34.57 %, 33.98 %, and 31.45 %, respectively.

The elemental composition of 100 pyroxene phases was statistically analyzed, as shown in Fig. 6 (b) . The average atomic percentages for Si, Mg, Fe, and Ca are 49.76 %, 21.64 %, 12.25 %, and 16.35 %,

The main phase of the cathode product was Si with mass fraction of 99.84 wt% after electrodeposition at 4 V.

Eight Si species were identified in the raw LRS-XJ and AALRS-XJ pastes, namely Q0 , Q1 , Q2 (1Al), Q4 (4Al), Q4 (3Al), Q4 (2Al), Q4 (1Al) and Q4 (0Al).

The Si/Al ratio of AALRS-XJ activated by SH decreases in the range of 1.66 1.78.

Combined molar ratio analysis and NMR characteriza- tion suggests that the nominal Si/H 2 O ratio is the main determinant of seven-day CS development for BP-1 geopolymers formed at relatively high

The Si/Na ratio exhibit a great change, and the value for the LRS-XJ particle is 8.54 but decreases to 2.31 in outer reaction products.

Fig. 16 shows that the 75 wt% BP-1 compositions for the 0.3Si/ (60 H 2 O), 0.5Si/ (60 H 2 O), and 0.6Si/ (60 H 2 O) composition series are visually similar, with peak deconvo- lution showing that at

Exolith Lab, LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant Fact Sheet 002-02-001-0621 2021 Exolith Lab, LMS-1 Lunar Mare Simulant Fact Sheet 002-02-001-0621, 2021.

Sodium metasilicate is not relevant to Mars, but this small amount is not expected to significantly affect the bulk properties of the simulant. It contributes 0.37 wt% excess SiO2 , 0.38 wt% excess Na

SiO2 (s) + H2 O SiOH(s) + OH

SiO2 (s) + H2 O2 SiOH(s) + OH + O2

The average contents of SiO2 , TFe and TiO2 in the molten salts used for electrodeposition experiments were 2.86 wt%, 0.43 wt%, and 0.18 wt%, respectively.

the GCD-2's major oxide contents closely matched those of the CE-6 regolith, with deviations of 0.95 wt% for SiO2 , 1.14 wt% for Al2 O3 , and 0.12 wt% for CaO.

The mass fraction of SiO2 in the molten salts after electrodeposition at 4 V was 1.06 wt%, which is close to the value (1.12 wt%) after electrodeposition at 3.5 V.

As the cell voltage increased from 1 V to 4 V, the mass fraction of SiO2 in the molten salt decreased from 2.09 wt% to 1.06 wt%.

Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis showed complete conversions of Fe2 O3 to Fe or Fe(g) and up to 90 % conversion of SiO2 to Si or Si(g) at lunar surface pressure and relatively low temperatures